THE LEARNING THEORIES AND THE MODELS OF LEARNING
Introduction
A learning theory is a framework that explains how people acquire and retain knowledge. they provide a systematic way to understand how individuals process and respond to new information. different theories focus on different aspects of the learning process, such as cognitive, behavioral and constructivist approaches. for example an example of a learning theory is behaviorism which focuses on observable and measurable behavior, this theory suggests that certain actions are reinforced or punished and for example, in a classroom setting a student may receive praise or a good grade for completing a task correctly , reinforces task completion behavior. in this learning theory every student has a different way and all have uniqueness and experiences that are different from what they learn for example, for teacher education or future teachers need to know and always be ready to teach lessons every day and important parts in important. therefore, there are many learning theories that teachers can learn to help students when implementing teaching and learning sessions as well as different techniques in fulfilling various types of learning. among the learning theories in this educational technology are Behavioral theory, Cognitivist theory. Construstivist theory where it will be able to help teachers and students in implementing teaching and learning to achieve success in all fields.
Behavioral Theory
This behavioral theory is an idea that can see how the behavior and interaction of students in their environment and this can show that behavior can only be seen from external forces and not just from the inside. Although initially developed in the 1920s, this theory is still dominated as a teaching and learning approach in many places. psychologists try to make a study of human behavior that uses physical science methods where it can be seen in aspects of behavior that can provide observations of what has been done, therefore, in this theory can show stimuli that cause certain simple reactions such as purely reflex action however most human behavior is more complex. This is basically the concept of operant conditioning, a principle most clearly developed by Skinner (1968) who showed that pigeons can be trained in relatively complex behaviors by rewarding them through desired responses that initially occur randomly in the appropriate stimulus. therefore, in education, teachers in the classroom can use positive reinforcement to help students learn a concept better. Students who receive positive reinforcement are more likely to retain information moving forward, a direct result of behaviorism theory.
Cognitivist Theory
This theory on cognition asks learners to look at thinking and mental processes, and how cognitive thinking can be influenced by external and internal factors. If your cognitive processes are working normally, it’s easier to learn. But if something is off with a cognitive process, difficulties can ensue. Cognitive learning can be broken down into social cognitive theory and cognitive behavioral theory. This theory of cognition asks students to look at thought and mental processes, and how cognitive thinking can be influenced by external and internal factors. If your cognitive processes are functioning normally, it is easier to learn. But if something goes wrong with the cognitive process, difficulties can occur. Cognitive learning can be broken down into social cognitive theory and cognitive behavioral theory for example, Early cognitivists were particularly interested in the concept of the mind as a computer, and recently brain research has led to the search to link learning with the development and strengthening of neural networks in the brain that can seen in terms of the concept of asking for a computer that has led to several technology-based developments in teaching and learning such as:
Smart tutoring system -: Using aids such as projectors and laptops as a more refined teaching and gives more understanding to students and attracts students' interest in learning based on the analysis of student responses to questions that can improve student performance.
artificial intelligence -: Which refers to efforts in computer software mental processes used in human learning Aessions that certainly use more technology systems available today than working alone. for example looking for teaching materials to use the computer and not needing to find a book to be used as a reference, it can be said that the technology system that exists today has already replaced many activities that have been done by humans, especially in finding important information.
Learning outcomes that have been determined -: In this cognitive theory it is seen where the teacher can know the analysis in the development of various types of activities in learning such as in terms of understanding, analysis and evaluation.
Design approach -: A particular instructional design approach that attempts to manage instructional design to ensure the successful achievement of predetermined learning outcomes or objectives.
Through the opinion of cognitive experts who look at a more constructivist perspective, they argue that the mental state or process that is constantly evolving when new information is linked to existing knowledge. therefore, teachers need to give more emphasis to develop the personal meaning of a student in the reflection of their knowledge in the learning process. Education would be better if computer scientists tried to make software to support learning more reflective of how human learning operates, rather than trying to fit human learning into the current constraints of behaviourist computer programming.
Constructivist Theory
Constuctivist Theory is based on the idea that students actually create their own learning based on their prior experiences. Students take what they are taught and add it to their prior knowledge and experience, creating a reality unique to them. This learning theory focuses on learning as an active process, which is personal and individual for each student. Led by Piaget’s theory, Constructivists that currently practice education believe more in learning by doing. If a child is able to experiment for himself, the learning will be more profound.
is based on the idea that students actually create their own learning based on their prior experiences. Students take what is taught and add it to their prior knowledge and experience, creating a reality unique to them. This learning theory focuses on learning as an active process, which is personal and individual for each student. Teachers can use constructivism to help understand that each student will bring their own past to the classroom every day. for example The main argument is that students actively construct their own knowledge based on their own experiences.
Teachers in constructivist classrooms act more as guides to help students create their own learning and understanding. They help them create their own processes and realities based on their own past. This is important to help different types of students take their own experiences and include them in their learning. There is clearly a need for this learning as well as rote memorization, because much of what students will do as adults relies heavily on practical application.
THE MODELS OF LEARNING
The Social Family
Social interaction
This group of methods aims to build a learning community and aims to develop productive ways of interacting in a democratic setting. These models also emphasize that human learning occurs in a social environment and through modeled behavior and social exchange. The Schaftel Role Playing Model is one of the more popular models in this group. Donald Oliver's Jurisprudence Model also shows a form of social learning. as an example of a partner in learning as an example of a student among students sharing ideas and opinions in doing the given task, discussion in groups through the given task, playing roles in their respective fields and sharing this will be able to see the interaction of that person in seeing their own achievements .
The Information Processing Family
This is the largest group of approaches that aim to emphasize how to learn specific information and acquire and organize data, solve problems, and develop concepts and language. As the title of the category clearly indicates, the model limited to this category is related to intellectual development, the power of reasoning and logic, helping students in organizing and maintaining information, and in improving their metacognitive functions. A prime example set in this field might be David Ausubel's Extended Organizer, or Jerome Bruner's Conceptual Achievement model. And another example Inductive thinking ,Mnemonics .Advanced organizers, Scientific inquiry , Inquiry exercise , Inductive model of picture words
The Behavioral System Family
Behavioral techniques are amenable to highly structured outcomes that concentrate on observable objectives such as learning to read, physical skills, behavioral and emotional adaptations and restructuring. These models are highly structured with finite goals toward specific pre-determined ends. B. F. Skinner is one of the more well know developers of behavioral techniques like his Operant Conditioning.
The Personal Family
This group of approaches acknowledges the uniqueness of each learner. Methods in this category foster the importance of individuals in creating, directing, and structuring personal meaning. Also models in this area are often targeted to foster things like self-esteem, self-efficacy, emotional and personal understanding and acceptance. Carl Roger's Non-directive Teaching Model would be a good example for this group. Non-directive teaching/learning,Enhancing self-learning ,Classroom meeting ,Synectics , Awareness training
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